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Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. (May 5, 1865〔 〕 – June 12, 1953) was an American pastor who developed the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, New York as the largest Protestant congregation in the country, with 10,000 members. He was a community activist, author, and the father of Congressman Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Born into poverty in southwestern Virginia, Powell worked to put himself through school and Wayland Seminary, where he was ordained in 1892. After serving in churches in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New Haven, Connecticut, Powell was called as pastor to Abyssinian Baptist, where he served from 1908-1936, during the Great Migration of blacks out of the rural South, when Harlem became the center of African-American life in New York. During his tenure, he managed the purchase of land and the construction of a larger church and facilities from congregational tithing. He was a founder of the National Urban League, active in the NAACP and several fraternal organizations, and served as trustee of several historically black colleges and schools. ==Background== Adam Clayton Powell was born near Martin's Mill on Maggodee Creek,〔Powell, A. Clayton Sr., ''Against the Tide: An Autobiography'' (New York: Richard B. Smith, 1938)〕 in Franklin County, Virginia.〔〔(Theodore R. Hazen, "SLONE'S GRIST MILL HISTORY STUDY AND RELATED INFORMATION ON THE GRIST MILLS OF FRANKLIN COUNTY, VIRGINIA" ), accessed 19 October 2011. Note: The mill was built in 1870 by Albert Martin, to replace Slone's mill at that location on the Alean Road.〕 This was in the Piedmont, above the fall line of the Roanoke River. His mother Sally Dunning (b. 1842-1848-d. ?), a free woman of color, named her first son after her older brother Adam Dunning. He headed the family as a farmer.〔, United States Department of the Interior, 1995.〕 Wil Haygood, a 1993 biographer of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., mistakenly wrote that Sally Dunning was held as a slave by Llewellyn Powell at the time of her son Adam's birth, and asserted Powell was the father.〔Wil Haygood, ''King of the Cats: The Life and Times of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.'' (2006)〕 Pezzoni noted Sally was a free woman of color, as were her mother and grandmother, proved by the 1860 census, which documented the three generations of the Dunning family.〔 Both Sally's mother and grandmother were free; by Virginia's principle of ''partus sequitur ventrem'' in slave law, all of their children were free.〔Haygood (1993), ''King of the Cats''. Note: Haygood mistakenly identified Franklin County as being in the Tidewater area; it is located in the Virginia Piedmont, as it is above the fall line of the Roanoke River, located at Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina.〕 ''The Encyclopaedia of African American History'' (2006) claims that Powell's father was Llewellyn Powell, and that he was of German descent.〔("Adam Clayton Powell, Sr." ), ''Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century'', Oxford African American Studies Center.〕 Note: Both Llewellyn and Powell are names associated primarily with Wales and England rather than Germany. By 1880 the Dunning family had moved to Cabin Creek, Kanawha County, West Virginia, and taken new identities. Anthony, his wife and children took the surname Powell.〔According to the biographer Charles V. Hamilton, Anthony Bush "decided to take the name Powell as a new identity."〕 Sally's mother Mildred Dunning took the name Malinda Dunnon.〔1880 US Census, "Anthony Powell" and family, Cabin Creek, Kanawha County, West Virginia. In this census, all the family but Dunnon were classified as mulatto; she was classified as black, although she had been classified as mulatto in 1860 and 1870.〕 There was a growing African-American community in the Kanawha Valley, attracted to jobs in mills and in coal production. In 1880 Anthony Powell worked at the dam; Adam Powell at age 15 worked hauling water at the mines, and Malinda Dunnon worked as a weaver.〔 Anthony reared Adam as his stepson, and he and Sally had several children together. Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. identified as black in the South and in his life, but later in life easily passed as white for his convenience when traveling by train in the South; he used it to gain better accommodations in the segregated railroad cars.〔 In a 2010 article on the racial identities of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. and his father, Lawrence Rushing, a social scientist, notes that the senior Powell had no documented African ancestry other than the census classification of his mother and her family as mulatto. He suggested that mulatto could be an indeterminate term, and that Powell had chosen his identity rather than identifying as white.〔(Lawrence Rushing, "The Racial Identity of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.: A Case Study in Racial Ambiguity and Identity" ), ''Afro-Americans in New York Life and History,'' 2010, at The Free Library, accessed 17 October 2011〕 Historically, the term was primarily used to refer to someone of mixed African and European ancestry.〔Note: Documentation of origins was scarce for many slave and free black families. People in daily life and legal challenges made judgments about racial classification based on personal associates, marriage choices, and community, more than by genealogical documentation. Both his mother and Powell married mulatto spouses, a former slave and a daughter of former slaves, respectively.〕〔Powell and his family members were classified as mulatto in the censuses until 1920 when, living in Harlem as they had been in 1910, they were all classified as black. The mulatto category was dropped from the US census in 1930. Respondents had no way to indicate mixed race until the 21st century.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Adam Clayton Powell, Sr.」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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